James Madison letters for the years 1769 thru 1835

Nassau Hall - 16 August 1769

Your kind advice and friendly cautions are a favor that shall be always gratefully remembered

Nassau Hall - 30 September 1769

On Wednesday last we had the usual commencement. Eighteen young gentlemen took their Bachelor's degrees, and a considerable number their Master's degrees.

Nassau Hall - 23 July 1770

We have no public news but the base conduct of the merchants in New York in breaking through their spirited resolutions not to import

Princeton - 9 October 1771

I was so particular in my last with regard to my determination about staying in PRINCETON this winter coming, that I need say nothing more in this place, my sentiments being still the same.

Philadelphia, PA - 9 November 1772

You moralize so prettily, that if I were to judge from some parts of your letter of October 13, I should take you for an old philosopher that had experienced the emptiness of earthly happiness

Orange, VA - 28 April 1773

Friendship, like all truth, delights in plainness and simplicity, and it is the counterfeit alone that needs ornament and ostentation.

Orange, VA - 6 September 1773

If I did not love you too well to scold at you, I should begin this with upbraiding your silence, contrary to your express promise and my earnest solicitations.

, VA - 24 January 1774

I congratulate you on your heroic proceedings in Philadelphia with regard to the tea. I wish Boston may conduct matters with as much discretion as they seem to do with boldness.

, VA - 1 April 1774

That liberal, catholic, and equitable way of thinking, as to the rights of conscience, which is one of the characteristics of a free people, and so strongly marks the people of your province, is but little known among the zealous adherents to our hie

, VA - 1 July 1774

As to the sentiments of the people of this Colony with respect to the Bostonians, I can assure you I find them very warm in their favor.

, VA - 20 January 1775

We are very busy at present in raising men and procuring the necessaries for defending ourselves and our friends in case of a sudden invasion.

, VA - 0 March 1777

in the course of conversation on public affairs, gave abundant proof of his being an adherent to the King of Great Britain, and a dangerous enemy to the State; that he ran into the most outrageous abuse of our proceedings

Williamsburg, VA - 23 January 1778

I got safe to this place on Tuesday following the day I left home, and at the earnest invitation of my kinsman, Mr. Madison, have taken my lodgings in a room of the President's house

Williamsburg, VA - 6 March 1778

who affirmed that they saw in Providence a London paper giving an account that Bourgoyne's disaster had produced the most violent fermentation in England; that the Parliament had refused to grant the supplies for carrying on the war

Williamsburg, VA - 8 December 1779

The assembly have not yet concluded their plan for complying with the requisitions from Congress. It may be relied on that that cannot be done without very heavy taxes on every species of property.

Philadelphia, PA - 20 March 1780

Congress have thought it expedient to convert the 200,000,000 of dollars now in circulation into a real debt of 5,000,000, by establishing the exchange at 40 for 1

Philadelphia, PA - 3 October 1780

The reports of the approach or arrival of a French fleet continue to be circulated, and to prove groundless.

Philadelphia, PA - 10 October 1780

All we know of the several fleets in the American seas, is that Rodney with a few ships is at New York, the remainder having joined Graves and Arbuthnot, whom we know nothing about.

Philadelphia, PA - 14 November 1780

The inroads of the enemy on the frontier of New York have been distressing and wasteful almost beyond their own example. They have totally laid in ashes a fine settlement called Schoharie

Philadelphia, PA - 21 November 1780

The past week has brought forth very little of consequence, except the disagreeable and, I fear, certain information of the arrival of the Cape fleet.

Philadelphia, PA - 0 December 1780

Our intelligence from Europe confirms the accession of Portugal to the neutral league, so far at least as to exclude the English from the privileges which their vessels of war have hitherto enjoyed in her ports.

Philadelphia, PA - 5 December 1780

The general tenor of them is that we are not to rely on much aid in the article of cash from Spain, her finances and credit being scarcely adequate to her own necessities, and that the British emissaries are indefatigable in misrepresenting our affai

Philadelphia, PA - 23 January 1781

very great discontents prevail in New York among the German troops, for causes pretty similar to those which produced the eruption in the Pennsylvania line.

Philadelphia, PA - 0 February 1781

Those that are official tell us that England is making the most strenuous exertions for the current year, and that she is likely to be but too successful in the great article of money.

Philadelphia, PA - 1 May 1781

A letter which I received a few days ago from Mr. Jefferson gives me a hope that he will lend his succor in defending the title of Virginia.

Philadelphia, PA - 7 July 1781

James Madison letter to PHILIP MAZZEI

Philadelphia, PA - 1 August 1781

Information has been received from New York, through a channel which is thought a good one, that orders are gone to Virginia for a large part of the troops under Cornwallis immediately to sail for that place.

Philadelphia, PA - 18 September 1781

General Washington and the Count De Rochambeau, with the forces under them, have, I presume, by this time, got within Virginia.

Philadelphia, PA - 2 October 1781

Our intelligence from N. York through several channels confirms the sufferings of the British fleet from their rash visit to the capes of the Chesapeake. The troops which were kept in transports to await that event have, since the return of the fleet

Philadelphia, PA - 9 October 1781

Having sent you the arguments on one side of the judiciary question relating to the property of Virginia seized by Mr. Nathan, it is but reasonable that you should see what was contended on the other side.

Philadelphia, PA - 16 October 1781

The N. York papers and the intelligence from thence make it evident that they have no hope of relieving Cornwallis, unless it can be effected by some desperate naval experiment

Philadelphia, PA - 27 November 1781

Whatever the total requisition of men may be on the States, I cannot but wish that Virginia may take effectual measures for bringing into the field her proportion of men.

Philadelphia, PA - 11 December 1781

On whichever side Mr. Deane's are viewed, they present mysteries. Whether they be supposed genuine or spurious, or a mixture of both, difficulties which cannot well be answered may be started.

Philadelphia, PA - 25 December 1781

It gives me great pleasure to hear of the honorable acquittal of Mr. Jefferson. I know his abilities, and I think I know his fidelity and zeal for his country so well, that I am persuaded it was a just one.

Philadelphia, PA - 12 February 1782

The disappointment in forwarding the money by Mr. Brownlow has been sorely felt by me, and the more so as the Legislature has made no provision for the subsistence of the Delegates that can be relied on.

Philadelphia, PA - 30 March 1782

As far as we are enabled to judge of the views of the British Cabinet, the misfortunes of one more campaign, at least, will be necessary to conquer their obstinacy.

Philadelphia, PA - 20 May 1782

If Mr. Jefferson will be so obliging as to superintend the legal studies of William, I think he cannot do better than prosecute the plan he has adopted.

Philadelphia, PA - 1 January 1783

The negotiations for peace are said to be going on under the late commission to Mr. Oswald, which authorizes him to treat with commissioners from the thirteen United States.

Philadelphia, PA - 11 February 1783

The time of Congress since you left us has been almost exclusively spent on projects for a valuation of the land, as the federal articles require, and yet I do not find that we have got an inch forward

Philadelphia, PA - 12 February 1783

I readily suppose, from the reports prevalent here, that some information on the subject of peace will be expected, and I wish it were in my power to gratify you.

Philadelphia, PA - 29 April 1783

I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the 22d instant, bearing testimony to the merits and talents of Mr. McHenry. The character which I had preconceived of this gentleman was precisely that which your representation has confirmed.

Philadelphia, PA - 27 May 1783

I have hitherto not been inattentive to the request of Mrs. J., and shall, in consequence of your letter, renew my efforts for the books, which the return of peace renders more likely to be attainable for her.

Philadelphia, PA - 5 June 1783

I shall take care not to disappoint you of the chair which I promised to bring with me. The time of my setting out is as uncertain as at the date of my last but it will certainly take place before the Fall.

Orange, VA - 10 March 1784

I have perused, with both pleasure and edification, your observ.ions on the demand made by the Executive of South Carolina of a citizen of this State.

Orange, VA - 16 March 1784

Another question which several times during my serv.e in Congress exercised their deliberations was, whether seven States could revoke a Commission for a Treaty issued by nine States, at any time before the faith of the Confederacy should be pledged

Orange, VA - 25 April 1784

Will it not be good policy to suspend further Treaties of Commerce till measures shall have taken place in America which may correct the idea in Europe of impotency in the federal Government in matters of Commerce?

Richmond, VA - 15 May 1784

The sanction given by your favor of the 12th to my desire of remunerating the genius which produced "Common Sense," has led to a trial in the Legislature for the purpose.

Richmond, VA - 2 July 1784

The arrangement which is to carry you to Europe has been made known to me by Mr. Short, who tells me he means to accompany or follow you.

Richmond, VA - 3 July 1784

A trial was made for a State Convention, but in a form not the most lucky. The adverse temper of the House, and particularly of Mr. Henry, had determined me to be silent on the subject.

Orange, VA - 20 August 1784

The act which produces most agitation and discussion is that which restrains foreign trade to enumerated ports.

Philadelphia, PA - 7 September 1784

The relation in which the Marquis stands to France and America has induced me to enter into a free conversation with him on the subject of the Mississippi.

New York, NY - 15 September 1784

The information I have here received convinces me that I cannot accomplish the whole route I had planned

New York, NY - 11 October 1784

The Marquis was received by the Indians with equal proofs of attachment as have been shewn him elsewhere in America.

New York, NY - 17 October 1784

It seems that most of the Indian tribes, particularly those of the Iroquois, retain a strong predilection for the French

Richmond, VA - 0 November 1784

It inclosed a cypher, for which I thank you, and which I shall make use of as occasion may require

Richmond, VA - 14 November 1784

I had intended by this post to commence our correspondence with a narrative of what has been done and is proposed to be done at the present Session of the General Assembly

Richmond, VA - 27 November 1784

The umbrage given to the Commissioners of the United States by the negociations of New York with the Indians was not altogether unknown to me

Richmond, VA - 27 November 1784

I inform you that the Bill for confirming surveys against subsequent entries has been negatived by a large majority

Richmond, VA - 4 December 1784

On Saturday last a proposition was agreed to for establishing Circuit Courts throughout this Commonwealth

Richmond, VA - 17 December 1784

Our progress in the Revisal has been stopped by the waste of time produced by the inveterate and prolix opposition of its adversaries, and the approach of Christmas.

Richmond, VA - 24 December 1784

The act empowering Congress to surrender Citizens of this State to the Sovereign demanding them, for certain crimes committed within his jurisdiction, has passed.

Richmond, VA - 25 December 1784

Be pleased to accept my congratulations on the event which has given to your talents a station in which they cannot fail to be equally useful to the public and honorable to yourself.

Richmond, VA - 1 January 1785

A Resolution has passed both Houses instructing the Commissioners, appointed in June last to settle with Maryland Commissioners the jurisdiction of the Potowniac

Richmond, VA - 8 January 1785

I fear, a revival of those intrigues and contests of ambition which have more than once distracted and dishonoured the National Councils.

Orange, VA - 10 March 1785

I learn from an intelligent person lately from Kentucky, that the Convention there produced nothing but a statement of grievances

Orange, VA - 20 March 1785

Nature has given the use of the Mississippi to those who may settle on its waters, as she gave to the United States their independence.

Orange, VA - 21 March 1785

He has probably already mentioned to you the advances which Kentucky was said to be making towards an independent Government.

Orange, VA - 12 April 1785

The appointment of Mr. Adams to the Court of Great Britain is a circumstance which does not contradict my expectations.

Orange, VA - 27 April 1785

I thank you much for your attention to my literary wants.

Orange, VA - 28 April 1785

I hear frequent complaints of the disorders of our coin, and the want of uniformity in the denominations of the States.

Orange, VA - 29 May 1785

It is fortunate that the variant ideas have been so easily accommodated touching the mode of surveying and selling the territorial fund.

Orange, VA - 21 June 1785

Finding from a letter of Mr. Mazzei that you have never been furnished with a copy of the Bill for establishing the Christian Religion in this State, I now inclose one, regretting that I had taken it for granted that you must have been supplied throu

Orange, VA - 11 July 1785

I agree perfectly with you in thinking it the interest of this country to embrace the first decent opportunity of parting with Kentucky, and to refuse with firmness to part with any more of our settlements beyond the Alleghany.

Orange, VA - 26 July 1785

I have a letter from the Marquis, but dated as far back as March. It was accompanied with a Copy of a French memorial to the Emperor, which seems to have stifled the War in its birth

Orange, VA - 7 August 1785

Much, indeed, is it to be wished, as I conceive, that no regulations of trade, that is to say, no restrictions on imposts whatever, were necessary.

Orange, VA - 20 August 1785

The machinations of Great Britain, with regard to commerce, have produced much distress and noise in the Northern States, particularly in Boston, from whence the alarm has spread to New York and Philadelphia.

Orange, VA - 23 August 1785

I do not smile at the idea of transplanting myself into your wilderness. Such a change of my abode is not, indeed, probable, yet I have no local partialities which can keep me from any place which promises the greatest real advantages.

Philadelphia, PA - 23 October 1785

During my stay at New York I had several conversations with the Virginia Delegates, but with few others, on the affairs of the confederacy.

Richmond, VA - 11 November 1785

Your letter for the Assembly was laid before them yesterday. I have reason to believe that it was received with every sentiment which could correspond with yours.

Richmond, VA - 15 November 1785

Mr. Wythe desired me to present you with his most friendly regards. He mentioned the difficulty he experiences in using his pen as an apology for not giving these assurances himself.

Richmond, VA - 9 December 1785

No decisive vote has been yet taken on the assize bill. I conceive it to be in some danger, but that the chance is in its favour. The case of the British debts will be introduced in a day or two.

Richmond, VA - 24 December 1785

The Bill for the payment of British debts is nearly a transcript of that which went through the two Houses last year, except that it leaves the periods of instalment blank, and gives the creditor an opportunity of taking immediate execution for the w

Richmond, VA - 30 December 1785

The past week has been rendered important by nothing but some discussions on the subject of British debts. The bill brought in varied from that which miscarried last year

Richmond, VA - 22 January 1786

The bill which is considered at New York as a compliance with the requisitions of Congress, is more so in appearance than reality. It will bring no specie into the Treasury, and but little Continental paper.

Richmond, VA - 22 January 1786

The only one of these which was pursued into an Act is the Bill concerning Religious freedom.

Orange, VA - 18 March 1786

Since I have been at home I have had leisure to review the literary cargo, for which I am so much indebted to your friendship. The collection is perfectly to my mind.

Orange, VA - 19 March 1786

The step taken by New Jersey was certainly a rash one, and will furnish fresh pretexts to unwilling States for withholding their contributions.

Orange, VA - 19 March 1786

The Question of policy, you say, is whether it will be better to correct the vices of the Confederation by recommendation gradually as it moves along, or by a Convention.

Orange, VA - 12 May 1786

Your notes having got into print in France, will inevitably be translated back and published in that form, not only in England but in America, unless you give out the original.

Orange, VA - 13 May 1786

I think, with you, that it would have an odd appearance for two Conventions to be sitting at the same time with powers in part concurrent.

Orange, VA - 4 June 1786

I expected I should by this time have been on the journey which promises the pleasure of taking you by the hand in New York.

Orange, VA - 21 June 1786

I cannot, however, forbear in the mean time expressing my amazement that a thought should be entertained of surrendering the Mississippi, and of guarantying the possessions of Spain in America.

Philadelphia, PA - 12 August 1786

My ride through Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, was in the midst of harvest. I found the crops of wheat in the upper parts of the two former considerably injured by the wet weather

Philadelphia, PA - 15 August 1786

I did not see General St. Clair, and if I had, my acquaintance is too slender to have warranted my broaching a conversation with him.

Philadelphia, PA - 17 August 1786

It has occurred to Grayson and myself to propose to Congress that negociations be carried on with Spain upon the following principles: ...

Annapolis, MD - 11 September 1786

Our prospect here makes no amends for what is done with you. Delaware, New Jersey, and Virginia, alone are on the ground; two Commissioners attend from New York, and one from Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia, PA - 5 October 1786

he predominance of temporary and partial interests over those just and extended maxims of policy which have been so much boasted of among us, and which alone can effectuate the durable prosperity of the Union.

Richmond, VA - 30 October 1786

I find, with pleasure, that the navigation of the Mississippi will be defended by the Legislature with as much zeal as could be wished.

Richmond, VA - 1 November 1786

Paper money was the subject of discussion this day, and was voted, by a majority of 84 against 17, to be "unjust, impolitic, destructive of public and private confidence, and of that virtue which is the basis of Republican Government."

Richmond, VA - 1 November 1786

The Report from the Deputies to ANNAPOLIS lies on the table, and I hope will be called for before the business of the Mississippi begins to ferment.

Richmond, VA - 8 November 1786

The intelligence from General Knox is gloomy indeed, but it is less so than the colours in which I had it through another channel.

Richmond, VA - 16 November 1786

The House of Delegates have done little since my last, and what was then done is still ineffectual for want of a Senate.

Richmond, VA - 24 November 1786

The House of Delegates have just passed a bill making Tobacco receivable in the tax at the market price at the several Warehouses to be fixt by the Executive.

Richmond, VA - 4 December 1786

The recommendation from the meeting at ANNAPOLIS, of a plenipotentiary Convention in Philadelphia in May next, has been well received by the Assembly here.

Richmond, VA - 7 December 1786

In admitting Tobacco for a commutable, we perhaps swerved a little from the line in which we set out. I acquiesced in the measure myself as a prudential compliance with the clamours within doors and without

Richmond, VA - 12 December 1786

The inclosed paper will give you a knowledge of the mode and terms on which Tobacco is made a Commutable. It also contains some Resolutions of importance relative to the navigation of the Mississippi.

Richmond, VA - 21 December 1786

We hear nothing from any of the other States on the subject of the federal Convention. The ice seems to have intercepted totally the Northern communication for a considerable time past.

Richmond, VA - 24 December 1786

Your observ.ions on Tobacco as a commutable in the taxes are certainly just and unanswerable. My acquiescence in the measure was against every general principle which I have embraced

Richmond, VA - 9 January 1787

The district bill, of which I formerly made mention, was finally thrown into a very curious situation, and lost by a single voice. I refer you for its history to Col. Pendleton, who was here at the time, and is now with you.

New York, NY - 15 February 1787

The principal proceedings of subsequent date relate, as nearly as I can recollect, 1 st , to a rejection of the Bill on crimes and punishments, which, after being altered so as to remove most of the objections, as was thought, was lost by a single vo

New York, NY - 21 February 1787

The objects now depending and most immediately in prospect are: 1. The Treaty of Peace. The Secretary of foreign Affairs has very ably reported a view of the infractions on both sides, his exposition of the contested articles, and the steps proper to

New York, NY - 24 February 1787

If the contents of the newspapers of this place find their way into the Gazettes of RICHMOND, you will have learnt that the expedition of General Lincoln against the insurgents has effectually dispersed the main body of them.

New York, NY - 18 March 1787

Recollecting to have heard you mention a plan formed by the Empress of Russia for a comparative view of the Aborigines of the new Continent, and of the N. E. parts of the old, through the medium of their respective tongues

New York, NY - 19 March 1787

What may be the result of this political experiment cannot be foreseen. The difficulties which present themselves are, on one side, almost suflficient to dismay the most sanguine, whilst on the other side the most timid are compelled to encounter the

New York, NY - 1 April 1787

The general attention is now directed towards the approaching Convention. All the States have appointed deputies to it except Connecticut, Maryland, and Rhode Island.

New York, NY - 16 April 1787

Conceiving that an individual independence of the States is utterly irreconcileable with their aggregate sovereignty, and that a consolidation of the whole into one simple republic would be as inexpedient as it is unattainable, I have sought for midd

New York, NY - 19 April 1787

No definitive steps are yet taken for the transportation of your furniture. I fear we shall be obliged to make use of a conveyance to Norfolk as soon as one shall offer. I have examined the workmanship of the man in Chappel street.

New York, NY - 22 April 1787

I do not learn that any symptoms yet appear of a return of the insurgent spirit in Massachusetts. On the contrary, it is said that the malcontents are trying their strength in a more regular form.

unknown - 23 April 1787

The vigorous measures finally pursued by the Government of Massachusetts against the insurgents had the intended effect of dispersing them. By some it was feared that they would re-embody on the return of favorable weather. As yet, no symptom of such

Philadelphia, PA - 15 May 1787

The number as yet assembled is but small. Among the few is General Washington, who arrived on Sunday evening, amidst the acclamations of the people, as well as more sober marks of the aifection and veneration which continues to be felt for his charac

Philadelphia, PA - 27 May 1787

Contrary to every previous calculation, the bare quorum of seven States was not made up till the day before yesterday.

Philadelphia, PA - 27 May 1787

Every reflecting man becomes daily more alarmed at our situation. The unwise and wicked proceedings of the Governments of some States, and the unruly temper of the people of others, must, if persevered in, soon produce some new scenes among us.

Philadelphia, PA - 6 June 1787

The day fixed for the meeting of the Convention was the 14th ultimo. On the 25th, and not before seven States were assembled, General Washington was placed, una voce, in the chair. The secretaryship was given to Major Jackson.

Philadelphia, PA - 18 July 1787

The Convention continue to sit, and have been closely employed since the commencement of the session. I am still under the mortification of being restrained from disclosing any part of their proceedings.

Philadelphia, PA - 28 July 1787

I am sorry that I cannot gratify your wish to be informed of the proceedings of the Convention. An order of secrecy leaves me at liberty merely to tell you that nothing definitive is yet done, that the Session will probably continue for some time yet

Philadelphia, PA - 4 September 1787

The Convention has not yet broken up, but its session will probably continue but a short time longer. Its proceedings are still under the injunction of secrecy.

Philadelphia, PA - 6 September 1787

A Government will probably be submitted to the people of the States, consisting of a President, cloathed with Executive power; a Senate chosen by the Legislatures, and another House chosen by the people of the States

Philadelphia, PA - 20 September 1787

The privilege of franking having ceased with the Convention, I have waited for this opportunity of inclosing you a copy of the proposed Constitution for the United States.

New York, NY - 30 September 1787

I arrived here on monday last. The act of the Convention was then before Congress. It has been since taken up, and by a unanimous vote forwarded to the States, to be proceeded on as recommended by the Convention.

New York, NY - 14 October 1787

No decisive indications of the public mind in the Northern and middle States can yet be collected. The reports continue to be rather favorable to the act of the Convention from every quarter

New York, NY - 28 October 1787

The remarks which you make on the act of the Convention appear to me to be in general extremely well founded.

New York, NY - 18 November 1787

All my informations from RICHMOND concur in representing the enthusiasm in favor of the new Constitution as subsiding, and giving place to a spirit of criticism.

New York, NY - 20 November 1787

The latest authentic information from Europe places the Dutch in a wretched situation.

New York, NY - 7 December 1787

I understand that the Constitution will certainly be adopted in Connecticut, the returns of the Deputies being now known, and a very great majority found to be its declared and firm friends.

New York, NY - 9 December 1787

The annexed list of trees will shew you that I have ventured to substitute half a dozen sorts of apples in place of the pippins alone, and to add 8 other sorts of American Trees, including twenty of the Sugar maple.

New York, NY - 14 December 1787

I find by from RICHMOND that the proceedings of the Assembly are, as usual, rapidly degenerating with the progress of the Session; and particularly that the force opposed to the act of the Convention has gained the ascendance.

New York, NY - 26 December 1787

I am just informed by a Delegate from New Hampshire that he has a letter from President Sullivan, which tells him that the Legislature had unanimously agreed to call a Convention

New York, NY - 14 January 1788

The daily Advertiser this date contains several important articles of information, which need only to be referred to. I enclose it, with a few other late papers.

New York, NY - 20 January 1788

The Count de Moustier arrived here a few days ago, as successor to the Chevalier De La Luzerne.

New York, NY - 25 January 1788

It is generally understood here that the arguments contained in it in favor of the Constitution are much stronger than the objections which prevented his assent.

New York, NY - 28 January 1788

The information which I have by the Eastern mail rather increases than removes the anxiety produced by the last. I give it to you as I have received it, in the words of Mr. King:

New York, NY - 1 February 1788

The eastern mail which arrived yesterday brought me a letter from Mr. King, of which a copy follows:

New York, NY - 8 February 1788

The form of the ratification of Georgia is contained in one of the papers herewith enclosed. Every information from South Carolina continues to be favorable.

New York, NY - 11 February 1788

The newspaper enclosed, with the letter which follows, comprises the information brought me by the mail of yesterday:

New York, NY - 15 February 1788

I have at length the pleasure to enclose you the favorable result of the Convention at Boston.

New York, NY - 19 February 1788

The public here continues to be much agitated by the proposed federal Constitution, and to be attentive to little else. At the date of my last, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, had adopted it.

New York, NY - 20 February 1788

I have given notice to my friends in Orange that the County may command my services in the Convention if it pleases.

New York, NY - 21 February 1788

Your representation of the politics of the State coincides with the information from every other quarter. Great fluctuations and divisions of opinion naturally result in Virginia from the causes which you describe

New York, NY - 2 March 1788

The Convention of New Hampshire have disappointed much the general expectation. Instead of adopting the Constitution, they have adjourned, without any final decision

New York, NY - 3 March 1788

The Convention of New Hampshire has afforded a very disagreeable subject of communication. It has not rejected the Constitution, but it has failed to adopt it.

Orange, VA - 10 April 1788

Having seen a part only of the names returned for the Convention, and being unacquainted with the political characters of many of them, I am a very incompetent prophet of the fate of the Constitution.

Orange, VA - 10 April 1788

I view the amendments of Massachusetts pretty nearly in the same light that you do. They were meant for the people at large, not for the minority in the Convention.

Orange, VA - 22 April 1788

The proposed Constitution still engrosses the public attention. The elections for the Convention here are but just over and promulged.

Richmond, VA - 4 June 1788

I found, contrary to my expectation, that not only a very full house had been made on the first day, but that it had proceeded to the appointment of the President and other officers.

Richmond, VA - 13 June 1788

Appearances at present are less favorable than at the date of my last. Our progress is slow, and every advantage is taken of the delay to work on the local prejudices of particular sets of members.

Richmond, VA - 20 June 1788

No question has yet been taken by which the strength of parties can be determined.

Richmond, VA - 23 June 1788

We got through the Constitution by paragraphs to-day. To-morrow, some proposition for closing the business will be made.

Richmond, VA - 25 June 1788

On the question to-day for previous amendments, the votes stood 80 ayes, 88 noes.

Richmond, VA - 27 June 1788

The Convention came to a final adjournment today. The inclosed is a copy of their act of ratification, with the yeas and nays.

New York, NY - 21 July 1788

Congress have deliberated in part on the arrangements for putting the new machine into operation, but have concluded on nothing but the times for choosing electors

New York, NY - 24 July 1788

I returned here about ten days ago from RICHMOND, which I left a day or two after the dissolution of the Convention. The final question on the new Government was put on the 25th of June.

New York, NY - 27 July 1788

After a very tedious discussion, the Constitution has been ratified by the Convention of this State.

New York, NY - 10 August 1788

My last went off just as a vote was taken in the Convention of this State, which foretold the ratification of the new Government. The latter act soon followed, and is inclosed.

New York, NY - 15 August 1788

The place of meeting has undergone much discussion, as you conjectured, and still remains to be fixed. Philadelphia was first named, and negatived by a voice from Delaware.

New York, NY - 23 August 1788

The event, whatever may have been its cause, with the tendency of the circular letter from the Convention of New York, has somewhat changed the aspect of things

New York, NY - 24 August 1788

The circular letter from this State is certainly a matter of as much regret as the unanimity with which it passed is matter of surprize.

New York, NY - 6 September 1788

The anti-federalists are everywhere exerting themselves for an early Convention.

New York, NY - 14 September 1788

The delay in providing for the commencement of the Government was terminated yesterday, by an acquiescence of the minor number in the persevering demands of the major.

New York, NY - 21 September 1788

The circular letter from the New York Convention has rekindled an ardor among the opponents of the federal Constitution for an immediate revision of it by another General Convention.

New York, NY - 8 October 1788

There is no doubt that General Washington will be called to the Presidency. For the vice Presidency are talked of principally Mr. Hancock and Mr. Adams.

New York, NY - 17 October 1788

The States which have adopted the New Constitution are all proceeding to the arrangements for putting it into action in March next.

New York, NY - 20 October 1788

The "balmy" nature of the Resolutions concerning the Mississippi will, I hope, have the effect you suggest

New York, NY - 21 October 1788

The Count Moustier and the Marchioness Brehan are to set out this day for Mount Vernon. I take it for granted you are not only apprised of the intended visit, but of the time at which the guests may be expected.

New York, NY - 2 November 1788

You wish to know my sentiments on the project of another general Convention, as suggested by New York. I shall give them to you with great frankness

New York, NY - 5 November 1788

The enclosed memorandum was put into my hands by Mr. St. John, the French Consul. He is a very worthy man

Philadelphia, PA - 23 November 1788

I am now pressed by some of my friends to repair to Virginia, as a requisite expedient for counteracting the machinations against my election into the House of Representatives.

Philadelphia, PA - 2 December 1788

I came to this city with a view either to return to New York or proceed to Virginia, as circumstances might require. I was not sure that the spirit of party might not take pleasure in superseding the opportunity of remaining longer in New York.

Philadelphia, PA - 8 December 1788

This will be handed to you by Mr. Gouverneur Morris, who will embark in a few days for Havre, from whence he will proceed immediately to Paris. He is already well known to you by character

Philadelphia, PA - 10 December 1788

Your book, as I prophesied, sells nowhere but in Virginia. A very few copies only have been called for either in New York or in this city. The language in which it is written will account for it.

Philadelphia, PA - 12 December 1788

There will be seven representatives of the federal party, and one a moderate anti-federalist.

Orange, VA - 2 January 1789

Being informed that reports prevail not only that I am opposed to any amendments whatever to the new federal Constitution, but that I have ceased to be a friend to the rights of conscience...

Orange, VA - 14 January 1789

I fear, from the vague accounts which circulate, that the federal Candidates are likely to stand in the way of each other.

Alexandria, VA - 1 March 1789

Your sanction to my remaining in New York during the crisis of the elections, conveyed through Col. Carrington, never came to hand till I had arrived in Orange.

Baltimore, MD - 5 March 1789

On our Journey hither, we have fallen in with the bearer of the Electoral votes of Georgia. They are unanimous as to the President, and are all thrown away on Individuals of the State as to the Vice president.

Philadelphia, PA - 8 March 1789

I find that the communication made you from Kentucky corresponds with an official letter to Congress from Governor St. Clair, which speaks of the same emissary, and the same errand.

New York, NY - 19 March 1789

When a quorum will be made up in either House rests on vague conjecture rather than on any precise information. It is not improbable, I think, that the present week will supply the deficiency in one, if not in both of them.

New York, NY - 26 March 1789

It is the most authentic and precise evidence of the Spanish project that has come to my knowledge.

New York, NY - 29 March 1789

I was then on my way to Virginia. The elections for the new government commenced shortly after my arrival.

New York, NY - 6 April 1789

The arrival of R. H. Lee yesterday has made up a quorum of the Senate. A quorum in the other house was made on Wednesday last.

New York, NY - 8 April 1789

The first and only joint step taken by the Congress was the examination of the ballots for President and vice president. The votes were found, as was expected, to be unanimously given to General Washington

New York, NY - 12 April 1789

I wish I could see an equal prospect of appeasing the disquietude on the two other points you mention British debts and taxes.

New York, NY - 19 April 1789

We have not yet either the President or vice President on the ground. The former is expected in a few days. The latter, we are told, will certainly come in to-morrow evening.

New York, NY - 9 May 1789

The deliberations of the House of Representatives have been chiefly employed on the subject of an Impost. Opinions have been considerably divided on the quantum of duties that would be practicable

New York, NY - 10 May 1789

The plan of an immediate temporary impost was what first occurred on the subject. It is not yet abandoned, but the practicability is questionable.

New York, NY - 13 May 1789

The newspapers will have given you some idea of our proceedings, though in a state always mutilated, and often perverted. The impost is still the subject of deliberation.

New York, NY - 17 May 1789

The. progress of our revenue system continues to be slow. The bill rating the duties is still with the Senate.

New York, NY - 23 May 1789

My last inclosed copies of the President's inaugural Speech, and the answer of the House of Representatives. I now add the answer of the Senate.

New York, NY - 27 May 1789

My former will have made known to you the obstacles to a licence for your visit to America. The new authority has not yet taken up your application.

New York, NY - 31 May 1789

Our business here goes on very slowly, though in a spirit of moderation and accommodation which is so far flattering. The bill for regulating the quantum of duties is not yet come back from the Senate.

New York, NY - 17 June 1789

A very interesting Question is started By whom officers appointed during pleasure by the President and Senate are to be displaced?

New York, NY - 21 June 1789

The Constitution has omitted to declare expressly by what authority removals from office are to be made. Out of this silence, four constructive doctrines have arisen:

New York, NY - 24 June 1789

My last stated a question relating to the power of removal from offices then on the anvil of the House of Representatives.

New York, NY - 30 June 1789

By this conveyance you will receive permission, through Mr. Jay, to make your proposed visit to America. I fear it will not reach you in time for your arrival here before the commencement of the windy season

New York, NY - 5 July 1789

The last letter from my brother A. left me in much anxiety for the state of my mother's health. I have ventured to hope, from the silence which has followed, that she has been on the recovery.

New York, NY - 15 July 1789

It gives me much pleasure to find your approbation given to the decision of the House of Representatives on the power of removal. This appears to be the case with several of our friends in Virginia

New York, NY - 15 July 1789

I am glad to find you concurring in the decision as to the power of removal. It seems to meet with general approbation North of Virginia, and there, too, as far as I yet learn.

New York, NY - 9 August 1789

Your ideas on the proposed discrimination between foreign Nations coincide, I perceive, exactly with those which have governed me.

New York, NY - 21 August 1789

For a week past the subject of amendments has exclusively occupied the House of Representatives. Its progress has been exceedingly wearisome

New York, NY - 14 September 1789

The Judiciary is now under consideration. I view it as you do, as defective both in its general structure, and many of its particular regulations.

New York, NY - 23 September 1789

The pressure of unfinished business has suspended the adjournment of Congress till Saturday next.

Orange, VA - 20 November 1789

A day or two after I got to Philadelphia I fell in with Mr. Morris. He broke the subject of the residence of Congress, and made observ.ions which betrayed his dislike of the upshot of the business at N. York

Orange, VA - 5 December 1789

Since my last I have been furnished with the inclosed copy of the letter from the Senators of this State to its Legislature. It is well calculated to keep alive the disaffection to the Government

Georgetown, MD - 4 January 1790

After being detained 8 or ten days beyond the intended commencement of my journey by the critical illness of my mother, I am now subjected to a further delay by an attack on my own health

New York, NY - 24 January 1790

The business of Congress is as yet merely in embryo. The principal subjects before them are the plans of revenue and the Militia, reported by Hamilton and Knox.

New York, NY - 4 February 1790

The idea which the latter evolves is a great one, and suggests many interesting reflections to Legislators, particularly when contracting and providing for public debts.

New York, NY - 14 February 1790

We proceed slowly in business. The Report of Mr. Hamilton has been, of late, the principal subject of debate. On the foreign debt the vote has been unanimous.

New York, NY - 4 March 1790

The only act of much consequence which the present Session has yet produced is one for enumerating the Inhabitants, as the basis of a reapportionment of the Representation.

New York, NY - 7 March 1790

Although your last favor of the 27 February does not require any particular answer, I cannot let this occasional correspondence drop without thanking you for so interesting a supplement

New York, NY - 8 March 1790

The present subject of deliberation is the proposed assumption of the State debts. Opinions are nearly balanced on it.

New York, NY - 14 March 1790

The assumption of the State debts has of late employed most the House of Representatives. A majority of 5 agreed to the measure in Committee of the whole.

New York, NY - 21 March 1790

I feel much anxiety for the situation in which you found Mrs. Randolph; but it is somewhat alleviated by the hopes which you seem to indulge.

New York, NY - 30 March 1790

I have been so unlucky, also, as to miss seeing the President twice that I have waited on him, in order to intimate the circumstances which you wish him to know.

New York, NY - 4 April 1790

You will see by the papers herewith covered that the proposed assumption of the State debts continues to employ the deliberations of the House of Representatives.

New York, NY - 13 April 1790

In all these, I discover strong marks of the dissatisfaction with which you behold our public prospects. Though in several respects they do not comport with my wishes, yet I cannot feel all the despondency which you seem to give way to.

New York, NY - 13 April 1790

I thank you for your favor of the 2nd instant. From the sentiments expressed in it, you will hear with pleasure that the proposed assumption of the State debts was yesterday negatived

New York, NY - 17 April 1790

The House of Representatives are still at the threshold of the Revenue business. The assumption of the State debts is the great obstacle.

New York, NY - 2 May 1790

I thank you very sincerely for the readiness with which you have complied with my troublesome request on the subject of the Stamp act.

New York, NY - 19 May 1790

The President has been critically ill for some days past, but is now, we hope, out of danger; his complaint is a peripneumony, united probably with the Influenza.

New York, NY - 1 June 1790

The funding bill for the proper debt of the United States is engrossed for the last reading. It conforms in substance to the plan of the Secretary of the Treasury.

New York, NY - 17 June 1790

The assumption still hangs over us. The negative of the measure has benumbed the whole revenue business. I suspect that it will yet be unavoidable to admit the evil in some qualified shape.

New York, NY - 22 June 1790

The funding and Revenue systems are reduced by the discord of opinions into a very critical state. Out of this extremity, however, some effective provision must, I think, still emerge.

New York, NY - 4 July 1790

You will find by one of the Gazettes herewith sent, that the bill fixing the permanent seat of Government on the Potowmac, and the temporary at Philadelphia, has got through the Senate.

New York, NY - 24 July 1790

After all the vicissitudes through which the assumption has passed, it seems at present in a fair way to succeed as part of the general plan for the public debt.

Philadelphia, PA -

I regret that I can administer no balm to the wound given by the first report of our Western disaster. You will have seen the official account which has gone into all the Newspapers.

Philadelphia, PA - 13 February 1791

am glad to find that my sister Hite has withdrawn herself from the region of the small-pox. It gives me particular pleasure, also, to learn that my mother's health has been so far restored.

Philadelphia, PA - 13 February 1791

The power of incorporating cannot, by any process of safe reasoning, be drawn within the meaning of the Constitution as an appurtenance of any express power, and it is not pretended that it is itself an express power.

New York, NY - 1 May 1791

From conversations which I have casually heard, it appears that among the enormities produced by the spirit of speculation and fraud, a practice is spreading of taking out administration on the effects of deceased soldiers and other claimants leaving

New York, NY - 12 May 1791

I had seen Paine's pamphlet, with the preface of the Philadelphia Editor. It immediately occured that you were brought into the Frontispiece in the manner you explain.

New York, NY - 27 June 1791

Mr. Adams seems to be getting faster and faster into difficulties. His attack on Paine, which I have not seen, will draw the public attention to his obnoxious principles more than everything he has published.

New York, NY - 10 July 1791

The Bank shares have risen as much in the Market here as at Philadelphia. It seems admitted on all hands now that the plan of the institution gives a moral certainty of gain to the subscribers

New York, NY - 13 July 1791

Beckley has just got back from his eastern trip. He says that the partizans of Mr. Adams's heresies in that quarter are perfectly insignificant in point of number; that particularly in Boston he is become distinguished for his unpopularity

New York, NY - 4 August 1791

Stock and scrip continue to be the sole domestic subjects of conversation.

New York, NY - 8 August 1791

It is surmised that the deferred debt is to be taken up at the next session, and some anticipated provision made for it.

Philadelphia, PA - 30 October 1791

The petition relating to the Militia bill contains nothing that makes it improper for me to present it. I shall, therefore, readily comply with your desire on that subject.

Philadelphia, PA - 18 December 1791

The two Houses have been of late chiefly occupied by the Representation bill, which, both in its principles and consequences, is of the first importance.

Philadelphia, PA - 29 January 1792

The subject of Western defence is not yet over. In relation to it I have nothing to add to the communications in my last.

Philadelphia, PA - 12 February 1792

The Senate have disagreed to that part of the Military Bill which augmented the regular establishment to about 5,000 men, and will probably send it back with that alteration.

Philadelphia, PA - 21 February 1792

The Bill concerning the election of a President and vice President, and the eventual successor to both, which has long been depending, has finally got through the two Houses.

Philadelphia, PA - 25 March 1792

You were right in saying "that the Northern Cocks are true game,"but have erred in adding, "that they die hard on the Representation bill." Their perseverance has gained them a final victory.

Philadelphia, PA - 28 March 1792

No nomination has yet been made of a new Commander for the Military establishment, nor of any of the Brigadiers authorized by the supplemental act lately passed.

Philadelphia, PA - 9 April 1792

You will find by the inclosed papers that the President's negative has saved us from the unconstitutional allotment of 120 Representatives proposed by the Bill on that subject.

Philadelphia, PA - 15 April 1792

You know already that the President has exerted his power of checking the unconstitutional career of Congress.

Orange, VA - 12 June 1792

I have from Kentucky down to the 8th May. Little depredations from the savages continue to be complained of. The people, however, are chiefly occupied with the approaching distribution of the new offices.

Orange, VA - 21 June 1792

The questions which it presents for consideration are 1st . At what time a notification of your purpose to retire will be most convenient?

Orange, VA - 13 September 1792

That I wished and recommended Mr. Freneau to be appointed to his present Clerkship is certain. But the Department of State was not the only, nor, as I recollect, the first one, to which I mentioned his name and character.

Philadelphia, PA - 16 November 1792

You will find in them all the particulars known here concerning the affairs of France, and sketches of the business as yet brought before Congress.

Philadelphia, PA - 6 December 1792

It appears, on the whole, that the combination against the revolution, and particularly against their new Republic, is extremely formidable, and that there is still greater danger within from the follies and barbarities which prevail in Paris.

Philadelphia, PA - 10 December 1792

As you find an amusement in our newspapers, I inclose two of the last; which, however, contain little of consequence, except a new Report from the Treasury Department.

Philadelphia, PA - 23 February 1793

Since we had the pleasure of Col. Taylor's arrival, I have left in his better hands the trust of keeping you supplied with whatever communications might interest or amuse you.

Orange, VA - 12 April 1793

The refusal of Dunlap in the case you mention confirms the idea of a combined influence against the freedom of the press.

Orange, VA - 8 May 1793

I anxiously wish that the reception of Genet may testify what I believe to be the real affections of the people. It is the more desirable, as a seasonable plum after the bitter pills which it seems must be administered.

Orange, VA - 27 May 1793

I feel for your situation, but you must bear it. Every consideration, private as well as public, requires a further sacrifice of your longings for the repose of Monticello.

Orange, VA - 13 June 1793

I observ. that the newspapers continue to criticise the President's proclamation, and I find that some of the criticisms excite the attention of dispassionate and judicious individuals here.

Orange, VA - 17 June 1793

I fell in two days ago with French Strother, who was returning circuitously from RICHMOND. He had seen W. C. Nicholas on his way, and spoke of him as among the decided friends of the French cause.

Orange, VA - 19 June 1793

It is mortifying to the real friends of the President that his fame and his influence should have been unnecessarily made to depend in any degree on political events in a foreign quarter of the Globe

unknown - 29 June 1793

Much will depend on events in Europe; and it is to be regretted that the popularity of the President or the policy of our Government should ever be staked on such contingencies.

unknown - 18 July 1793

I have read over the subject which you recommend to my attention. It excites equally surprise and indignation, and ought certainly to be taken notice of by some one who can do it justice.

unknown - 22 July 1793

From his conversation, his sentiments are right and firm on the French Revolution, and in other respects I discovered no symptoms of heresy.

unknown - 30 July 1793

Do you know what is the idea of France with regard to the defensive quality of the guaranty, and of the criterion between offensive and defensive war, which I find differently defined by different jurists; also, what are the ideas of the President on

unknown - 5 August 1793

Your account of the ticklish situation with respect to Genet in the 14 th is truly distressing. His folly would almost beget suspicions of the worst sort.

unknown - 11 August 1793

The task on which you have put me must be abridged, so as not to go beyond that period. You will see that the first topic is not yet completed.

unknown - 20 August 1793

I am just setting off to Monroe's, and hope to prevent the trouble of an express from Monticello with the letter referred to in it. I have already acquainted you with the immediate object of this visit.

At Col. Monroes - 22 August 1793

The whole piece was more hurried than it ought to have been, and these paragraphs penned in the instant of my setting out, which had been delayed as late as would leave enough of the day for the journey.

unknown - 27 August 1793

I have since seen the RICHMOND and the Philad'a papers, containing, the latter, the certificate of Jay & King, and the publications relating to the subject of it; the former, the proceedings at RICHMOND, dictated, no doubt, by the cabal at Philad'a

unknown - 2 September 1793

The conduct of Genet, as developed in these, and in his proceedings as exhibited in the newspapers, is as unaccountable as it is distressing. The effect is beginning to be strongly felt here

unknown - 15 September 1793

Since I parted from you I have had several letters from Mr. Jefferson, in which all the facts involving Genet are detailed. His conduct has been that of a madman.

Orange, VA - 24 October 1793

I now lose not a moment in complying with its request; tho' I foresee it cannot reach you before you will have left Mount Vernon

Orange, VA - 29 October 1793

I send the little balance of tea due to Mrs. Monroe, which I intended, but failed, to procure before my late trip.

Philadelphia, PA - 18 January 1797

James Madison letter to Mr. Murray...This country is extremely agitated by pecuniary distresses, and the mercantile troubles which begin to thicken.

Orange, VA - 26 August 1807

The country news consists of the ravages made by the late deluges of rain. Almost all the mill-dams have been swept away, with all the wheat and hay in low situations.

Montpelier, VA - 19 August 1808

The law of nations leaves neutrals free to allow or refuse the sale of prizes, provided the same rule be applied to all the belligerents.

Montpelier, VA - 31 August 1808

What does Canning mean by declaring that no communication whatever had been received from this government subsequent to the return of Mr. R. ?

Montpelier, VA - 28 June 1809

The conduct of the British government in protesting the arrangement of its minister surprises one, in spite of all their examples of folly.

Montpelier, VA - 30 June 1809

If the sketch of Erskine's instructions be faithful, it shows as clearly that Canning was determined to prevent an adjustment as that Erskine was to effect it.

Washington, DC - 17 August 1809

James Madison letter to wife.

Montpelier, VA - 25 September 1809

I had entered into the same train of ideas with yours as to the probable state of Jackson's situation and wishes.

Montpelier, VA - 14 August 1810

I understand that the measures taking by the Bank of the United States for provisionally winding up its affairs are likely to bear hard on the other banks, and that the evil will be increased by the drain on the latter for paying the bonds

Montpelier, VA - 22 August 1810

The appointment for the revenue cutter at New Orleans is approved, and so noted to the Treasury Department, and a commission for Freeman ordered to be made out without delay.

Montpelier, VA - 5 September 1810

It appears that Brown, partly by the application of the Alien law, partly in consequence of his operations under a fictitious name, had fallen completely under the power of PInkney

Montpelier, VA - 12 September 1810

I have received your favor of the 5th, enclosing one from Mr. Astor.

Montpelier, VA - 14 September 1811

The accounts by the John Adams fortify the ground on which we stand as to the cessation of the French decrees, but are liable to unfavorable remarks in several points of view.

Washington, DC - 25 February 1812

James Madison letter to Richard Cutts...You will see that the Constitution has returned from France...

unknown - 0 August 1812

v

Washington, MD - 8 August 1812

The communications from the British government, lately received through Baker, are of a curious character.

Washington, MD - 15 August 1812

I expect Mr. Monroe every moment; and Mr. Pinkney being within call, I shall be able to decide with the best advantage the several important questions on hand.

unknown - 5 April 1813

It is determined finally to associate Mr. Bayard in the Mission Extraordinary to St. Petersburg.

Montpelier, VA - 11 September 1815

It was not much to be expected that the British government, on the pinnacle of its elevation, would look with solicitude on her relations to the United States.

Washington, MD - 12 April 1816

Will it be most agreeable to you to proceed on your mission to France? or are you willing again to take charge of a Department heretofore conducted by you with so much reputation and usefulness

Montpelier, VA - 30 August 1816

Mr. Dallas seems to have made up his mind to retire early in October from the department in his hands

Montpelier, VA - 3 September 1819

James Madison letter to Edward Coles...We congratulate you much on the various successes of your western career, and the first thing that strikes us is the rapidity of your promotions.

Montpelier, VA - 24 April 1824

candor obliges me to add that I can not concur in the extent to which the pending bill carries the tariff, nor in some of the reasoning by which it is advocated.

Montpelier, VA - 25 February 1825

I must not let the session of Congress close without returning my thanks for the printed documents for which I was indebted, as appeared, to your friendly politeness.

Montpelier, VA - 12 August 1825

I have received the copy of your oration delivered at Bunker Hill

Montpelier, VA - 24 March 1827

Its object is to obtain from Mr. Gallatin a small service for our university, and that with as little delay as may be.

Montpelier, VA - 6 January 1828

I have duly received the copy of your address politely forwarded to me.

Montpelier, VA - 15 March 1830

I return my thanks for the copy of your late very powerful speech in the Senate of the United States. It crushes "nullification," and must hasten an abandonment of secession.

Montpelier, VA - 9 October 1830

I have just been favored with yours of the 22d ultimo, inclosing a copy of your address delivered at Cincinnati.

Montpelier, VA - 22 March 1832

I know only that the Tariff, in its present amount and form, is a source of deep and extensive discontent ; and I fear that, without alleviations, separating the more moderate from the more violent opponents, very serious effects are threatened.

Montpelier, VA - 2 April 1833

May there not be a more important alleviation in embryo an assimilation of the employment of labor in the South to its employment in the North?

Montpelier, VA - 0 June 1833

It is obvious that the Constitution meant to allow the President an adequate time to consider the bills, etc., presented to him, and to make his objections to them ; and on the other hand, that Congress should have time to consider and overrule the o

Montpelier, VA - 31 January 1835

War is the more to be avoided, if it can be done without inadmissible sacrifices, as a maritime war, to which the United States should be a party, and Great Britain neutral, has no aspect which is not of an ominous cast.